Medical & Hospital Systems | IGCSE ICT

Computer system are used in several quite different ways within doctor's surgeries and hospitals...

When a patient is in hospital, they often require close monitoring. It is not possible for a doctor or nurse to monitor patients continuously, 24 hours a day, so computerised monitors are used instead.

Sensors are attached to the patient. Senors are used to monitor:

• Pulse rate (heart beats per minute)
• Temperature
• Breathing rate (breathes per minute)
• Blood oxygen levels
• Blood pressure

The sensors feed information back to a computer which processes the data:

• Data is checked for any problems (e.g. pulse rate too low/high)
• Data is logged so that it can be checked later

Several outputs from the computer system let hospital staff the patient's condition:

• A large display / monitor shows graphs of pulse, breathing, etc.
• A loud buzzer / alarm can be sounded if there is a problem to attract the attention of a nurse/doctor
• A small printer can produce a hard-copy of the data

The data from several patients can be fed back to a central nursing station so that the nursing staff can see exactly what is happening in the ward.

Body Scanners

CT scanners and MRI scanners allow doctors to investigate what is happening inside a patient's body without intrusive surgery.

The complex signals that come back from these huge machines are picked up by sensors and fed into a computer. The computer processes the data, then outputs full-colour images, sometimes in 3D, for the doctor, giving views of the patient's body.

Expert systems allow medical staff with limited medical knowledge (e.g. nurses) to get advice from a computer 'expert'

Expert systems are described here. But they essentially work by:

1. Medical staff inputs patient's symptoms (or answers questions about them)
2. The expert system's search engine searches the knowledge base (a collection of medical knowledge) to find possible diagnoses
3. The system outputs a list of possible diagnoses, and treatments

Doctors and hospitals have to deal with thousands of patients every week. It is essential that the medical details of every patient is recorded accurately so that the correct diagnosis can be made, and the correct treatment can be given.

For this reason, hospitals make use of computerised databases to store patient records. Computerised databases mean that:

• Patient data can be easily shared between doctors, pharmacies and other hospitals
• It is easy to search for and retrieve patient records
• Doctors can instruct a pharmacy to issue medication for a patient (no paper note needs to be written)

Databases are described fully here. In the case of hospitals, the patient data that would be typically stored would be:

• Patient ID (number or text) - this would be the key field
• Name (text)
• Date-of-birth (date)
• Gender (boolean)
• Blood group (text)
• Allergies (text)
• Medical history (text)
• Doctor currently treating (text)
• Current symptoms (text)
• Current diagnosis (text)
• Current treatment (text)
• Current medication (text)
• X-rays or body scans (links to image/video files)